复健了一下mysql,练习内容是mysql50题目。(算法也有在写啦,前几天还被数论折磨)
一.开始前数据库中的表的各种信息
1.1表名与字段
–1.学生表
Student(s_id,s_name,s_birth,s_sex) –学生编号,学生姓名, 出生年月,学生性别
–2.课程表
Course(c_id,c_name,t_id) – –课程编号, 课程名称, 教师编号
–3.教师表
Teacher(t_id,t_name) –教师编号,教师姓名
–4.成绩表
Score(s_id,c_id,s_score) –学生编号,课程编号,分数
1.2测试数据
--建表 --学生表 CREATE TABLE `Student`( `s_id` VARCHAR(20), `s_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `s_birth` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `s_sex` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`) ); --课程表 CREATE TABLE `Course`( `c_id` VARCHAR(20), `c_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `t_id` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(`c_id`) ); --教师表 CREATE TABLE `Teacher`( `t_id` VARCHAR(20), `t_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', PRIMARY KEY(`t_id`) ); --成绩表 CREATE TABLE `Score`( `s_id` VARCHAR(20), `c_id` VARCHAR(20), `s_score` INT(3), PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`,`c_id`) ); --插入学生表测试数据 insert into Student values('01' , '赵雷' , '1990-01-01' , '男'); insert into Student values('02' , '钱电' , '1990-12-21' , '男'); insert into Student values('03' , '孙风' , '1990-05-20' , '男'); insert into Student values('04' , '李云' , '1990-08-06' , '男'); insert into Student values('05' , '周梅' , '1991-12-01' , '女'); insert into Student values('06' , '吴兰' , '1992-03-01' , '女'); insert into Student values('07' , '郑竹' , '1989-07-01' , '女'); insert into Student values('08' , '王菊' , '1990-01-20' , '女'); --课程表测试数据 insert into Course values('01' , '语文' , '02'); insert into Course values('02' , '数学' , '01'); insert into Course values('03' , '英语' , '03'); --教师表测试数据 insert into Teacher values('01' , '张三'); insert into Teacher values('02' , '李四'); insert into Teacher values('03' , '王五'); --成绩表测试数据 insert into Score values('01' , '01' , 80); insert into Score values('01' , '02' , 90); insert into Score values('01' , '03' , 99); insert into Score values('02' , '01' , 70); insert into Score values('02' , '02' , 60); insert into Score values('02' , '03' , 80); insert into Score values('03' , '01' , 80); insert into Score values('03' , '02' , 80); insert into Score values('03' , '03' , 80); insert into Score values('04' , '01' , 50); insert into Score values('04' , '02' , 30); insert into Score values('04' , '03' , 20); insert into Score values('05' , '01' , 76); insert into Score values('05' , '02' , 87); insert into Score values('06' , '01' , 31); insert into Score values('06' , '03' , 34); insert into Score values('07' , '02' , 89); insert into Score values('07' , '03' , 98);
二.练习题和sql
ps:这些是我从网上搜寻来的答案,建议直接去作者博客:Mysql Sql 语句练习题 (50道) – 梅花GG – 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
-- 1、查询"01"课程比"02"课程成绩高的学生的信息及课程分数 select st.*,sc.s_score as '语文' ,sc2.s_score '数学' from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id='01' left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st.s_id and sc2.c_id='02' where sc.s_score>sc2.s_score -- 2、查询"01"课程比"02"课程成绩低的学生的信息及课程分数 select st.*,sc.s_score '语文',sc2.s_score '数学' from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id='01' left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st.s_id and sc2.c_id='02' where sc.s_score<sc2.s_score -- 3、查询平均成绩大于等于60分的同学的学生编号和学生姓名和平均成绩 select st.s_id,st.s_name,ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) cjScore from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having AVG(sc.s_score)>=60 -- 4、查询平均成绩小于60分的同学的学生编号和学生姓名和平均成绩 -- (包括有成绩的和无成绩的) select st.s_id,st.s_name,(case when ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) is null then 0 else ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score)) end ) cjScore from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having AVG(sc.s_score)<60 or AVG(sc.s_score) is NULL -- 5、查询所有同学的学生编号、学生姓名、选课总数、所有课程的总成绩 select st.s_id,st.s_name,count(c.c_id),( case when SUM(sc.s_score) is null or sum(sc.s_score)="" then 0 else SUM(sc.s_score) end) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id =st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id group by st.s_id -- 6、查询"李"姓老师的数量 select t.t_name,count(t.t_id) from teacher t group by t.t_id having t.t_name like "李%"; -- 7、查询学过"张三"老师授课的同学的信息 select st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="张三" -- 8、查询没学过"张三"老师授课的同学的信息 -- 张三老师教的课 select c.* from course c left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="张三" -- 有张三老师课成绩的st.s_id select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.c_id in (select c.c_id from course c left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="张三") -- 不在上面查到的st.s_id的学生信息,即没学过张三老师授课的同学信息 select st.* from student st where st.s_id not in( select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.c_id in (select c.c_id from course c left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="张三") ) -- 9、查询学过编号为"01"并且也学过编号为"02"的课程的同学的信息 select st.* from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id = st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" where st.s_id in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id inner join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id and c2.c_id="02" ) 网友提供的思路(厉害呦~): SELECT st.* FROM student st INNER JOIN score sc ON sc.`s_id`=st.`s_id` GROUP BY st.`s_id` HAVING SUM(IF(sc.`c_id`="01" OR sc.`c_id`="02" ,1,0))>1 -- 10、查询学过编号为"01"但是没有学过编号为"02"的课程的同学的信息 select st.* from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id = st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" where st.s_id not in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id inner join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id and c2.c_id="02" ) -- 11、查询没有学全所有课程的同学的信息 -- 太复杂,下次换一种思路,看有没有简单点方法 -- 此处思路为查学全所有课程的学生id,再内联取反面 select * from student where s_id not in ( select st.s_id from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id = st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" where st.s_id in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id and sc2.c_id="02" ) and st.s_id in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id and sc2.c_id="03" )) -- 来自一楼网友的思路,左连接,根据学生id分组过滤掉 数量小于 课程表中总课程数量的结果(show me his code),简洁不少。 select st.* from Student st left join Score S on st.s_id = S.s_id group by st.s_id having count(c_id)<(select count(c_id) from Course) -- 12、查询至少有一门课与学号为"01"的同学所学相同的同学的信息 select distinct st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id where sc.c_id in ( select sc2.c_id from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id where st2.s_id ='01' ) -- 13、查询和"01"号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学的信息 select st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having group_concat(sc.c_id) = ( select group_concat(sc2.c_id) from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id where st2.s_id ='01' ) -- 14、查询没学过"张三"老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名 select st.s_name from student st where st.s_id not in ( select sc.s_id from score sc inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id inner join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id and t.t_name="张三" ) -- 15、查询两门及其以上不及格课程的同学的学号,姓名及其平均成绩 select st.s_id,st.s_name,avg(sc.s_score) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id where sc.s_id in ( select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.s_score<60 or sc.s_score is NULL group by sc.s_id having COUNT(sc.s_id)>=2 ) group by st.s_id -- 16、检索"01"课程分数小于60,按分数降序排列的学生信息 select st.*,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" and sc.s_score<60 order by sc.s_score desc -- 17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的所有课程的成绩以及平均成绩 -- 可加round,case when then else end 使显示更完美 select st.s_id,st.s_name,avg(sc4.s_score) "平均分",sc.s_score "语文",sc2.s_score "数学",sc3.s_score "英语" from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st.s_id and sc2.c_id="02" left join score sc3 on sc3.s_id=st.s_id and sc3.c_id="03" left join score sc4 on sc4.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id order by SUM(sc4.s_score) desc -- 18.查询各科成绩最高分、最低分和平均分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,课程name,最高分,最低分,平均分,及格率,中等率,优良率,优秀率 -- 及格为>=60,中等为:70-80,优良为:80-90,优秀为:>=90 select c.c_id,c.c_name,max(sc.s_score) "最高分",MIN(sc2.s_score) "最低分",avg(sc3.s_score) "平均分" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=60 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "及格率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=70 and s_score<80 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "中等率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=80 and s_score<90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "优良率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "优秀率" from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id left join score sc2 on sc2.c_id=c.c_id left join score sc3 on sc3.c_id=c.c_id group by c.c_id -- 19、按各科成绩进行排序,并显示排名(实现不完全) -- mysql没有rank函数 -- 加@score是为了防止用union all 后打乱了顺序 select c1.s_id,c1.c_id,c1.c_name,@score:=c1.s_score,@i:=@i+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc) c1 , (select @i:=0) a union all select c2.s_id,c2.c_id,c2.c_name,c2.s_score,@ii:=@ii+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="02" order by sc.s_score desc) c2 , (select @ii:=0) aa union all select c3.s_id,c3.c_id,c3.c_name,c3.s_score,@iii:=@iii+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="03" order by sc.s_score desc) c3; set @iii=0; -- 20、查询学生的总成绩并进行排名 select st.s_id,st.s_name ,(case when sum(sc.s_score) is null then 0 else sum(sc.s_score) end) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id order by sum(sc.s_score) desc -- 21、查询不同老师所教不同课程平均分从高到低显示 select t.t_id,t.t_name,c.c_name,avg(sc.s_score) from teacher t left join course c on c.t_id=t.t_id left join score sc on sc.c_id =c.c_id group by t.t_id order by avg(sc.s_score) desc -- 22、查询所有课程的成绩第2名到第3名的学生信息及该课程成绩 select a.* from ( select st.*,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 1,2 ) a union all select b.* from ( select st.*,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id and c.c_id="02" order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 1,2) b union all select c.* from ( select st.*,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id and c.c_id="03" order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 1,2) c -- 23、统计各科成绩各分数段人数:课程编号,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[0-60]及所占百分比 select c.c_id,c.c_name ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=100 and sc.s_score>80)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "100-85" ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=85 and sc.s_score>70)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "85-70" ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=70 and sc.s_score>60)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "70-60" ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=60 and sc.s_score>=0)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "60-0" from course c order by c.c_id -- 24、查询学生平均成绩及其名次 set @i=0; select a.*,@i:=@i+1 from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,round((case when avg(sc.s_score) is null then 0 else avg(sc.s_score) end),2) "平均分" from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id order by sc.s_score desc) a -- 25、查询各科成绩前三名的记录 select a.* from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id='01' order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 0,3) a union all select b.* from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id='02' order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 0,3) b union all select c.* from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id='03' order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 0,3) c -- 26、查询每门课程被选修的学生数 select c.c_id,c.c_name,count(1) from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id inner join student st on st.s_id=c.c_id group by st.s_id -- 27、查询出只有两门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名 select st.s_id,st.s_name from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id group by st.s_id having count(1)=2 -- 28、查询男生、女生人数 select st.s_sex,count(1) from student st group by st.s_sex -- 29、查询名字中含有"风"字的学生信息 select st.* from student st where st.s_name like "%风%"; -- 30、查询同名同性学生名单,并统计同名人数 select st.*,count(1) from student st group by st.s_name,st.s_sex having count(1)>1 -- 31、查询1990年出生的学生名单 select st.* from student st where st.s_birth like "1990%"; -- 32、查询每门课程的平均成绩,结果按平均成绩降序排列,平均成绩相同时,按课程编号升序排列 select c.c_id,c.c_name,avg(sc.s_score) from course c inner join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id group by c.c_id order by avg(sc.s_score) desc,c.c_id asc -- 33、查询平均成绩大于等于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩 select st.s_id,st.s_name,avg(sc.s_score) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having avg(sc.s_score)>=85 -- 34、查询课程名称为"数学",且分数低于60的学生姓名和分数 select st.s_id,st.s_name,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.s_score<60 inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_name ="数学" -- 35、查询所有学生的课程及分数情况; select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id order by st.s_id,c.c_name -- 36、查询任何一门课程成绩在70分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数 select st2.s_id,st2.s_name,c2.c_name,sc2.s_score from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id left join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id where st2.s_id in( select st.s_id from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having min(sc.s_score)>=70) order by s_id -- 37、查询不及格的课程 select st.s_id,c.c_name,st.s_name,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.s_score<60 inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id -- 38、查询课程编号为01且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名 select st.s_id,st.s_name,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" and sc.s_score>=80 -- 39、求每门课程的学生人数 select c.c_id,c.c_name,count(1) from course c inner join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id group by c.c_id -- 40、查询选修"张三"老师所授课程的学生中,成绩最高的学生信息及其成绩 select st.*,c.c_name,sc.s_score,t.t_name from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id inner join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id and t.t_name="张三" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,1 -- 41、查询不同课程成绩相同的学生的学生编号、课程编号、学生成绩 select st.s_id,st.s_name,sc.c_id,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id where ( select count(1) from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id left join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id where sc.s_score=sc2.s_score and c.c_id!=c2.c_id )>1 -- 42、查询每门功成绩最好的前两名 select a.* from (select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,2) a union all select b.* from (select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="02" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,2) b union all select c.* from (select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="03" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,2) c -- 借鉴(更准确,漂亮): select a.s_id,a.c_id,a.s_score from score a where (select COUNT(1) from score b where b.c_id=a.c_id and b.s_score>=a.s_score)<=2 order by a.c_id -- 43、统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过5人的课程才统计)。要求输出课程号和选修人数,查询结果按人数降序排列, -- 若人数相同,按课程号升序排列 select sc.c_id,count(1) from score sc left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id group by c.c_id having count(1)>5 order by count(1) desc,sc.c_id asc -- 44、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号 select st.s_id from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having count(1)>=2 -- 45、查询选修了全部课程的学生信息 select st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having count(1)=(select count(1) from course) -- 46、查询各学生的年龄 select st.*,timestampdiff(year,st.s_birth,now()) from student st -- 47、查询本周过生日的学生 -- 此处可能有问题,week函数取的为当前年的第几周,2017-12-12是第50周而2018-12-12是第49周,可以取月份,day,星期几(%w), -- 再判断本周是否会持续到下一个月进行判断,太麻烦,不会写 select st.* from student st where week(now())=week(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 48、查询下周过生日的学生 select st.* from student st where week(now())+1=week(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 49、查询本月过生日的学生 select st.* from student st where month(now())=month(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 50、查询下月过生日的学生 -- 注意:当 当前月为12时,用month(now())+1为13而不是1,可用timestampadd()函数或mod取模 select st.* from student st where month(timestampadd(month,1,now()))=month(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 或 select st.* from student st where (month(now()) + 1) mod 12 = month(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d'))
三.记忆复苏(习题解析)
3.1(Q1)
left join是连接,貌似是自然连接(不想翻笔记了)。下面是左连接的语法(右连接类似):
SELECT * FROM 左表格 LEFT JOIN 右表格 ON 连接条件
只要看过相关书籍都知道select,from,where都是有一个执行顺序的,该顺序是from->where->select,每一条语句都是为了建立一个表(可以这么粗略理解),那么这道题的答案可以理解成
st表是左边的表,sc是右边的表,两个表的行进行自由组合(还是要注意哪些字段是哪些表的),我们需要找出来的就是sc_s_id = st.s_id (也就是提供了sc的对同id的其他信息的补充)的那些行st.c_id = ’01’以及然后新建成一个无名表a1(from和join的成果,join可以理解成是from模块里面的,所以不要加逗号),然后在该无名表a1中寻找where条件符合的行再度新建成一个无名表a2(where),然后再在无名表a2中寻找select中提到的列新建一个无名表a3(结果)。
这是Q1的结果:
3.3(Q3)
比较重要的是分组,group by是将新建成的表模拟分组,一般搭配having使用,having是用来筛选符合having条件的组的,注意只是模拟分组,我们的表名还是可以用的,并不是说之后只能用group来代替。比如select语句:select st.s_id,st.s_name,ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) cjScore
这一句中的sc.s_score使用了表名,同时这里的s_score是某一组的。
使用分组的前提是想要切割一个表(而不用用到另外的表),注意事项是group by的内容必须是select里面的内容之一。
ps:ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) cjScore中的cjScore是别名,关键字一般是as,但是用的时候在各模块经常省略as,group by可以理解是where模块的(只是我个人理解)
ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2)表示对平均分数进行四舍五入,并保留两位小数。
然后结果仍然是表。
3.4(Q4)
答案比Q3多了一个语句,case–when–then–end
CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1 WHEN condition2 THEN result2 ... ELSE default_result END
(话说这些东西可以去问gpt的,gpt虽然不太智能,但是很渊博)
建议多加别名,否则就会这样。
select的内容都是列。
3.5(Q5)
也可以这么做。
select st.s_id , st.s_name ,count(sc.c_id), (case when sum(sc.s_score) is null then 0 else sum(sc.s_score) end) all_score from student st left join score sc on st.s_id = sc.s_id group by st.s_id;
3.6(Q6)
这里用到的是like关键字。LIKE
关键字用于模糊匹配,"李%"
表示以“李”开头的任意字符串。having关键字什么的就不讲了
3.7(Q7)
书写表的顺序推荐是从st到’张三“,这样子好写别名。
3.8(Q8)
可以使用嵌套select,也可以使用 联合查询。
嵌套select使用的思路是从里到外,张老师的id,这个id对应的课程id,选课中有这个课程id的学生id,在student表中没有在求到的学生id范围中的学生id。
select st.* from student st where st.s_id not in( select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.c_id in( select c.c_id from course c where t_id = ( select t_id from teacher te where t_name = '张三' ) ) );
联合查询:思路是学过老师课程id的学生的表和student表join一下,null的那些就是没有选老师课程id的学生,建表返回相关学生信息。
select st.* from student st left join( select distinct sc.s_id from score sc join course c on sc.c_id = c.c_id join teacher te on te.t_id = c.t_id where te.t_name = '张三' )learned_st on st.s_id = learned_st.s_id where learned_st.s_id is null;
这是联合查询的结果:(不同人数据都不太一样,所以只参考一下自己的表)
这里说一下left 和join之间的区别,left join是将from 里面的表放左边,如果右边的表行数不够(比如说学过选修课的学生id肯定比学生总数id少),left join会返回左边表的行数,即使右边表被填充了null也会返回;而join是全部返回(谁行数大就返回多少行)
我尝试性地把st表放在右边,得到的结果验证了我的想法。
3.9(Q9)
inner join是指将匹配的行返回,只会讲匹配的行返回,所以不会有null的。我看了一下别人的例子:https://www.cnblogs.com/pcjim/articles/799302.html(先去看这个链接,下面的只是我做笔记用的)
举例如下:
——————————————–
表A记录如下:
aID aNum
1 a20050111
2 a20050112
3 a20050113
4 a20050114
5 a20050115
表B记录如下:
bID bName
1 2006032401
2 2006032402
3 2006032403
4 2006032404
8 2006032408
——————————————–
1.left join
sql语句如下:
select * from A
left join B
on A.aID = B.bID
结果如下:
aID aNum bID bName
1 a20050111 1 2006032401
2 a20050112 2 2006032402
3 a20050113 3 2006032403
4 a20050114 4 2006032404
5 a20050115 NULL NULL
(所影响的行数为 5 行)
——————————————–
2.right join
sql语句如下:
select * from A
right join B
on A.aID = B.bID
结果如下:
aID aNum bID bName
1 a20050111 1 2006032401
2 a20050112 2 2006032402
3 a20050113 3 2006032403
4 a20050114 4 2006032404
NULL NULL 8 2006032408
(所影响的行数为 5 行)
——————————————–
3.inner join
sql语句如下:
select * from A
innerjoin B
on A.aID = B.bID
结果如下:
aID aNum bID bName
1 a20050111 1 2006032401
2 a20050112 2 2006032402
3 a20050113 3 2006032403
4 a20050114 4 2006032404
inner join绝对不会出现null,适合多重“学过”题目,如果是left join和right join由于有null,适合单个“学过”题目,
当然也不一定要牢记这个规则,后面学得熟悉了就不是很在意了。
这道题的思路是先找学过编号01的再去找这之中学过编号02的。
网友提供的做法中,思路一看就清楚了,所以HAVING SUM(IF(sc.`c_id`=“01” OR sc.`c_id`=“02” ,1,0))>1。筛选出sum大于1的,据此我们可以知道,if语句是某组一行一行地找,然后having 语句是对应的某组整个情况,所以一般搭配的是sum,avg等。对于这个答案我觉得还是加一个distinct比较好一点。
3.10(Q10)
我觉得这个答案太繁琐了。换成了这个。
SELECT st.* FROM student st LEFT JOIN score sc1 ON st.s_id = sc1.s_id AND sc1.c_id = '01' LEFT JOIN score sc2 ON st.s_id = sc2.s_id AND sc2.c_id = '02' WHERE sc1.c_id = '01' AND sc2.c_id IS NULL;
3.12(Q12)
特地列出来是因为我在这里写错了一种写法,目前来说并不知道错哪里了。
现在回想起来,我为什么要写group呢(好像是因为重复的st_id有很多行,我下意识就group了)(不是having中c_id中别名的问题,事实上我试了很多次,这只是其中的一次尝试),gpt给的答案是
在 SQL 查询中,WHERE
子句用于过滤行,而 HAVING
子句用于过滤组。当使用 LEFT JOIN
连接表时,确实需要注意可能出现的 NULL
值对查询结果的影响。
WHERE
子句在查询过程中对行进行过滤,因此,如果 WHERE
子句中涉及到 LEFT JOIN
的列,数据库会考虑到 NULL
值,并根据条件过滤相应的行。但是,HAVING
子句在查询的结果已经分组后进行条件过滤,而且通常用于聚合函数结果的筛选,这时对于包含 NULL
值的列的判断就更为敏感。
在您的情况下,成功的查询使用了 WHERE
子句,并通过子查询来过滤了 sc.c_id
。由于 WHERE
子句在过滤行时会考虑到 NULL
值,因此您的查询结果可能符合预期。
总的来说,无论是在 WHERE
子句还是 HAVING
子句中,都需要注意 LEFT JOIN
可能导致的 NULL
值,并根据具体情况进行处理,以确保查询结果的正确性。
之后注意一下就行了。
3.12(Q12)
GROUP_CONCAT
是一个聚合函数,它用于将组内的多个值连接成一个字符串,并返回一个包含所有值的单个字符串。
3.15(Q15)
3.17&3.18(Q17&Q18)(需要记住)
一些感悟:join的on不也是将表的一部分分给其他表吗?确实嗷。给予的是其他表的信息。如果要求不同的东西却要
使用同一张原始的表,那么就建立不同的表也就是left join多次。
在Q18中,答案极其复杂。group by使得c.c_id该列不会重复那么多行(其实这里用group还因为使用了聚合函数),将聚合函数扔掉。会有这个结果:
还有这些:,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=60 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) “及格率” ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=70 and s_score<80 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) “中等率” ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=80 and s_score<90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) “优良率” ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) “优秀率”
这些语句中我忧郁的就是及格率等没办法按照课程号来怎么办,最后纠结的时候发现了有添加 c_id=c.c_id,意义大家都知道了。
3.19(Q19)
select c1.s_id,c1.c_id,c1.c_name,@score:=c1.s_score,@i:=@i+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id=”01″ order by sc.s_score desc) c1:
这个子查询选择了课程编号为 “01” 的课程信息,并将课程成绩降序排列。
使用了 MySQL 中的用户变量 @score 和 @i 来存储成绩和排名,@score 用于存储当前成绩,@i 用于记录排名。
通过 @i:=@i+1 语法,在结果中添加了一个排名列,按照成绩降序排列。
(select @i:=0) a:
这个子查询用于初始化变量 @i,将其值设为 0。
union all:
UNION ALL 操作符用于合并多个 SELECT 结果集,并包括重复行。
并不会打乱查询集里的顺序,只是为了代码健全度最好加一下@score。
同样的逻辑被重复了两次,用于查询课程编号为 “02” 和 “03” 的课程信息,并分别进行排名。
set @iii=0;:
最后,这个语句初始化了另一个用户变量 @iii,将其值设为 0
3.26(Q26)
count(1)和count(*)一样。
3.29(Q29)
%表示可以匹配任意字符串(包括零长度)
3.30(Q30)这一道题记一下
3.32(Q32)这一道题记一下
3.36(Q36)这一道题记一下
3.41(Q41)这一道题记一下
子查询可以使用父查询的别名。这一道题的思路是,语句是一行行地遍历搜索的,所以如果该同学的某些条件和子查询(也就是另一些同学)如果有相似之处那么就会输出
3.42(Q42)这一道题记一下,借鉴写法写得很好(但是感觉可以改进)
3.46(Q46)
TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR, st.s_birth, NOW())
: 这是一个函数调用,它计算了学生的年龄。TIMESTAMPDIFF
函数的语法是TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit, datetime_expr1, datetime_expr2)
,它返回datetime_expr2
和datetime_expr1
之间的差值,单位由unit
指定。在这个查询中,unit
是YEAR
,datetime_expr1
是学生的出生日期st.s_birth
,datetime_expr2
是当前日期NOW()
。因此,该函数计算了学生的出生日期与当前日期之间的年数差值,即学生的年龄。
3.47&3.48&3.49(Q47&Q.48&Q.49)
都是类似的题目,只给上47的解析。
WEEK(NOW()) 返回当前日期所在的周数。
DATE_FORMAT(st.s_birth,’%Y%m%d’) 用于将学生的生日按照年月日的格式表示。
WEEK() 函数用于计算日期所在的周数。
通过将当前日期的周数与学生生日的周数进行比较,来判断学生是否在本周过生日。
SELECT st.* 选择符合条件的所有学生信息。
因此,该查询将返回在本周过生日的学生的信息。
3.50(Q50)这一道题记一下
TIMESTAMPADD(MONTH, 1, NOW()) 是将当前日期增加一个月。也就是说
四、感受
好耶写完了。
参考链接:Mysql Sql 语句练习题 (50道) – 梅花GG – 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
https://www.cnblogs.com/pcjim/articles/799302.html