[Rust] Thread 3: move keyword to resolve borrowing problem for closure

We ofter use movewith closures passed to thread::spawnbecase the closure will then take ownership of the values it uses from the environment, thus transferring owershop of those values from one thread to another.

The following code won’t work:

use std::thread;

fn main() {
    let v = vec![1, 2, 3];

    let handle = thread::spawn(|| {
        println!("Here's a vector: {:?}", v);
    });

    handle.join().unwrap();
}

We run it, got following error:

$ cargo run
   Compiling threads v0.1.0 (file:///projects/threads)
error[E0373]: closure may outlive the current function, but it borrows `v`, which is owned by the current function
 --> src/main.rs:6:32
  |
6 |     let handle = thread::spawn(|| {
  |                                ^^ may outlive borrowed value `v`
7 |         println!("Here's a vector: {:?}", v);
  |                                           - `v` is borrowed here
  |
note: function requires argument type to outlive `'static`
 --> src/main.rs:6:18
  |
6 |       let handle = thread::spawn(|| {
  |  __________________^
7 | |         println!("Here's a vector: {:?}", v);
8 | |     });
  | |______^
help: to force the closure to take ownership of `v` (and any other referenced variables), use the `move` keyword
  |
6 |     let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
  |                                ++++

For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0373`.
error: could not compile `threads` due to previous error

Rust infers hwo to capture v, and because println!only needs a reference to v, the closure tries to borrow v. However, there’s aproblem: Rust can’t tell how long the spawned thread will run, so it doesn’t know if the reference v will always be valid.

Why? See following example:

use std::thread;

fn main() {
    let v = vec![1, 2, 3];

    let handle = thread::spawn(|| {
        println!("Here's a vector: {:?}", v);
    });

    drop(v); // oh no!

    handle.join().unwrap();
}

We call drop(v) in main thread, so the child thread won’t be access to v anymore.

help: to force the closure to take ownership of `v` (and any other referenced variables), use the `move` keyword
  |
6 |     let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
  |                                ++++

movekeyword force the clousre to take owership of the values it’s using rather than allowing Rust to infer that it should borrow the values.

use std::thread;

fn main() {
    let v = vec![1, 2, 3];

    let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
        println!("Here's a vector: {:?}", v);
    });

    handle.join().unwrap();
}

With the drop example, now it gave different error message:

$ cargo run
   Compiling threads v0.1.0 (file:///projects/threads)
error[E0382]: use of moved value: `v`
  --> src/main.rs:10:10
   |
4  |     let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
   |         - move occurs because `v` has type `Vec<i32>`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait
5  |
6  |     let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
   |                                ------- value moved into closure here
7  |         println!("Here's a vector: {:?}", v);
   |                                           - variable moved due to use in closure
...
10 |     drop(v); // oh no!
   |          ^ value used here after move

For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0382`.
error: could not compile `threads` due to previous error